Зміст
CONTENTS
Introduction……………………..……………………………..…….…....……….. 5
Chapter I. Definitions and Terminology.…………………...…….…....….…….. 7
1.1. Accent and Dialect …………………………………...………..……………… 7
1.2. Standard English …………………….....…………………………….………. 8
1.3. Standard Scottish English …………………………………….………...……. 9
Chapter II. Variants of languages spoken in Scotland........................................ 10
2.1. Historical outline …………………………..………….….……………........... 10
2.2. Sociolinguistic Features ………………………………………………………. 12
2.3. Celtic languages in Scotland …………………….……………………………. 13
2.4. Germanic languages in Scotland ……………………………………………… 15
Chapter III. Scottish English……………………………………………………. 19
3.1. Varieties of Scottish English …………………………………………........... 19
3.2. Standard Scottish English overview ………........…………………………….. 21
3.2.1. Scotticisms …………………………………………………………….. 22
3.2.2. Grammar and Vocabulary……………………………………………… 22
3.3. Highland English overview .……………………...………..……....…….. 27
3.3.1. Grammar……………………………………………………………..... 28
3.3.2. Vocabulary and idioms……………………………………………… 30
3.3.3. Literary usage………………………………………………………… 31
Chapter IV. Practical Applications: Research of Modern Phonology of Scottish English……..………………………………............… 32
4.1. General Standard Scottish English Phonology Features…………..…........... 32
4.1.1. Vowels and Diphthongs………………………….…………………. 34
4.1.2. Consonants……………………………………………………………. 36
4.1.3. Stress………………………………………………………………..… 37
4.2. Regional variety of Standard Scottish English Phonology in Shetland……… 37
4.2.1. Vowel features of Shetland SSE………………………………………. 37
4.2.2. Consonant features of Shetland SSE………………………………….. 39
4.2.3. Shetland Accent Structure…………………………………………….. 40
4.3. Highland English Phonology features ………..………………………..……. 41
Conclusions…………………………………………………………..….….....….. 43
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… 45
Appendixes ……………………………………………………………...………. 49
Appendix 1. List of Phonetic Symbols and Signs………………………………… 49
Appendix 2. Standard Lexical Sets……………………..…………………............ 52
Appendix 3. History of Languages: English and Scots ……………….…………. 53
Appendix 4. Scotland regions map ……………………………………………… 54
Appendix 5. Scotland historical language division ………………………………. 55
Appendix 6. A list of Scotticisms examples ……………………………………… 56
Appendix 7. A list of words that appear in Highland English ……………………. 57
Appendix 8. Scottish English vowel monophthongs and the SSE system (table) of vowel phonemes and major allophones………………………… 58
Appendix 9. The SSE vowel system for monophthongal rhotic contexts compared to SSBE………………………………………………….. 59
Appendix 10. Consonants produced in Scottish English…………………………. 60
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